product chemistry (grade changes, tundish mixing, pick-up of N, O, or C, alloy additions).
The tundish is typically rectangular in shape, with
nozzles located along its bottom. In addition to the distribution of liquid
steel to the mould, the tundish also need to keep continuous and uniform steel
flow. For these purposes it need to maintains a steady metal height above the
nozzles to the mould, and Provides stable stream patterns to the mould. A brief overview of how the application of mathematical
modeling has contributed to improved teeming practices and tundish designs.
Controllable Parameters
Teeming Practices
Ladle temperature
Start cast
Flow control
Shrouding
Stop cast
Ladle change-over
Tundish Designs
Shape, size, outlet locations
Shrouding
Dams and weirs
Tundish Practices
Pre-heating
Fluxes and insulation
Bubbling
Heating
Metal level at ladle change
Alloying / deoxidation
Modeling Contributions
Heat conduction in ladle and tundish refractories
Ladle stratification by natural convection
Heat transfer in well block and ladle sands
Hydraulic model of drain sink flows and vortices
Tundish heat transfer during tundish filling and ladle changes[s]
Tundish fluid dynamics and inclusion separations
Bubble induced flow
Thermally driven flow effects
Turbulent dispersion in flow field; tundish mixing
Application Benefits
Improved ladle management
Tighter tundish temperature performance
Improved free opening rates
Assistance with slag detection
Temperature predictions during sequence casting
Tundish design and selection[e]
Baffle designs and locations
Improved steel cleanness
Location and flow rate of tundish bubbling
Improved inclusion removal with tundish heater
Predicted chemical transition at ladle changes as function of metal level,
casting speed
References
[1] J.K. Brimacombe and A.W.Cramb: Steelmaking, casting and modelling.
Proc. 10th PTD Conf., ISS, Toronto, April 1992
[246] ASM: Modeling in Welding, Hot Deformation and Casting. 1997. ISBN
0-87170-616-4. Ed. By L. Kalsson.
[247] J. Herbertson and P. Austin: The Application of Mathematical Models for
Optimisation of Continuous Casting. Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes - VI. Proceedings. TMS 1993. ISBN 0-87339-209-4.
