Process models used for the software development. Design procedures are based on our technical development to combine recent results worldwide, primarily from Germany, Japan and USA. One of the data sources, for example, is a 10-year project in Germany in a 4-stand continuous lab mill (up to 70m/s) with controlled cooling and full measurement capabilities. Its result was recorded in various reports, which are available for Metal Pass development. Results from Japanese colleagues (e.g. Shinokura) were also employed. However, formulation from Shinokura was heavily expanded to reflect modern rolling practice such as speed (up to over 100 m/s), tension (especially in the rolling block), roll and stock materials, etc.). A great amount of field data, primarily from high-speed rolling block, were evaluated and applied to our roll pass design practice.

• Metal flow: spread, forward slip, neutral angle, work diameter, tension correction for spread and forward slip, steel grade effect, free side contour, etc.
• Force, torque and power requirements: mean flow stress, roll separating force, contact area, shape factor, lever arm ratio, torque, power requirement, effective strain, high speed rolling (e.g. 3000/s), tension effect
• Roll deformation and strength, mill vibration: elastic deformation of rolls and stand, stress concentration, roll strength and stand capacity , roll material, mill vibration
• Heat transfer and temperature: on roll table, during reheating, during rolling, water box cooling, free and controlled air cooling, heat transfer coefficient
• Microstructure formation: dynamic recrystallization, static and metadynamic recrystallization, grain growth, phase transformation during controlled cooling during casting (to be completed), rolled product Properties
• Material data and boundary conditions: flow stress model, friction, specific heat, E-modulus and poison ratio, thermal conductivity, temperature conductivity, density, etc.